Patients who are in stage 4 of Lupus Nephritis may fall in desperate and think that they some day may lost their life. Please do not worry, and we will explain it for you in detail and recommend a good treatment method for you.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, which occurs every now and then, and becomes worse and worse with the recurrence. In stage 4 of chronic kidney disease, patients with lupus nephritis usually have symptoms such as red blood cells, white blood cells and protein in urine, high blood pressure, rash, especially butterfly rash on the face, anemia and so on, all of which make people with Lupus Nephritis suffer and lose confidence for many of them have already begun to take dialysis due to long time high serum creatinine. After realizing dialysis can not repair the damage inside of the kidney, has some adverse side effects and some complications, patients begin to doubt. In this passage, we would like to introduce a better therapy which is called stem cell therapy.
As we mentioned above, Lupus Nephritis is an autoimmune disease. Autoantibody can protect us when pathological factors invade such as bacteria and virus, which can not react to the tissues and elements of our body. It plays functions depending on the tolerance of the whole immune. One the tolerance is damaged, our organic body will consider our own tissues abnormal substances, which leads to autoimmune reaction, causing autoantibody. In normal condition, in the blood, there is a small amount of autoantibody, which will not lead to disease. Once the amount is excess, it will damage the body and leads to kinds of autoimmune disease.
Stem cell’s most important function is differentiation and to increase the immune ability of patients. Stem cell can regenerate into many capillary endothelial cells and repair the damaged renal membrane, repair the filtration membrane, improve the filtration function, thus improving the renal glomerular filtration.
In addition, stem cell can also generate into munologic balance cells such as Ts cells, Th cells, etc. Stem cell can also balance the immunoreaction, diminish a variety of factors which can cause renal glomerular disease, avoid the continuous damage to renal tubules, thus reviving renal function consequently.
Sunday, May 19, 2013
Treatment for Types of Lupus Nephritis
Lupus Nephritis can be caused by three types of lupus. The first one is systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE), which has the most severe symptoms in the early stage among all types of lupus. The clinical manifestations are various and complicated, which can be more serious after the application of hormone and other medicines for a long time. The second type is discoid lupus erythematosus, which can be called DLE for short. It invades skin at first, which makes scarlet spot appear. The size is as big as yellow bean or green bean. The third type of lupus leads to damage in skin as well, which looks node or spots, and lies in the deep derma or subcutaneus adipose tissue. Damage of this kind of lupus can take place in any place such as genal area, buttocks, lower limbs and chest.
No matter where the damage is and which type of lupus it is, it may spread into other organs if not controlled well. When it influences kidney, lupus nephritis or lupus nephropathy will take place. Lupus nephritis or lupus nephropathy is autoimmune disease, which can be treated well with the help of immunotherapy, which can be divided into immune diagnosis, immune clearance, immune inhibition, immune tolerance, immune adjustment and immune protection. The immune disorder leads to the retention of immune complex both in blood circulation and on the kidney, which leads to the excessive immune reaction, thus causing damage to the nearby healthy or normal intrinsic cells. So immune clearance is necessary. After that, people with lupus nephritis should also apply medicine which can adjust and make the immune complex on the kidney discharge. Only in this way, can we let the further immune reaction stop. In this step, Chinese medicine is applied, which can benefit Qi and nourish blood.
After that, not only immune reaction will be stopped, but also damaged cells can be repaired. Chinese medicine can also increase the immunity, which can treat lupus nephritis fundamentally. Immunotherapy is the custom therapy in our Hospital, China.
No matter where the damage is and which type of lupus it is, it may spread into other organs if not controlled well. When it influences kidney, lupus nephritis or lupus nephropathy will take place. Lupus nephritis or lupus nephropathy is autoimmune disease, which can be treated well with the help of immunotherapy, which can be divided into immune diagnosis, immune clearance, immune inhibition, immune tolerance, immune adjustment and immune protection. The immune disorder leads to the retention of immune complex both in blood circulation and on the kidney, which leads to the excessive immune reaction, thus causing damage to the nearby healthy or normal intrinsic cells. So immune clearance is necessary. After that, people with lupus nephritis should also apply medicine which can adjust and make the immune complex on the kidney discharge. Only in this way, can we let the further immune reaction stop. In this step, Chinese medicine is applied, which can benefit Qi and nourish blood.
After that, not only immune reaction will be stopped, but also damaged cells can be repaired. Chinese medicine can also increase the immunity, which can treat lupus nephritis fundamentally. Immunotherapy is the custom therapy in our Hospital, China.
MMF recommended for lupus nephritis, refractory SLE
London, UK - Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (CellCept, Roche Pharmaceuticals) allowed patients with lupus nephritis or treatment-resistant systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to significantly reduce their steroid dosage, was as good as cyclophosphamide (CYC) for maintaining remissions, and is a candidate to become first-line therapy for lupus nephritis, according to data reported by Dr Cecilia N Pisoni (St Thomas's Hospital, London, UK) and colleagues in the June 2005 issue of the Journal of Rheumatology
"MMF appears to be a safe and successful treatment to maintain remission in patients with lupus nephritis and to control overall disease activity," writes Pisoni.
In an editorial commenting on this paper [ 2 ], Drs W Joseph McClune and Mona M Riskalla (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor) conclude that this study "adds support to the use of MMF in patients with both renal and nonrenal SLE." The editorial also reviews several recent trials of MMF in lupus nephritis and, on the basis of all available data, raises a number of points concerning the use of MMF in the treatment of lupus.
Retrospective study of MMF-treated patients
The Pisoni paper is a retrospective study of 93 patients with SLE treated with MMF because of renal involvement (68.6%), uncontrolled disease activity (16.3%), or other SLE-related manifestations. Two patients were excluded because they did not fulfill American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for SLE, and five patients were excluded because of missing data. All patients had taken MMF for at least three months. The average duration of SLE was more than 10 years. Fifty percent of patients had previously received CYC, 87.2% azathioprine, and 11.6% methotrexate treatment.
Over the course of MMF treatment, steroid dose, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), anti-dsDNA, and European Consensus Lupus Activity Measure (ECLAM) significantly decreased, and complement C3 significantly increased.
Effects of MMF treatment in patients with SLE
Patients with mesangial proliferation (WHO class II) typically present with proteinuria and haematuria. Such patients are usually treated with steroids in the hope of preventing progression to more severe disease although there have been no controlled trials of treatment. Similarly, there have been no controlled trials of treatment of lupus membranous nephropathy, which is found in between 12 and 26% of patients with lupus nephritis. Using the old WHO classification the 10‐year survival free of end‐stage renal failure or death was 72–90% for class Va and Vb (membranous nephropathy with mild mesangial hypercellularity and scattered deposits) [2,3] and 48–81% for WHO class Vc and Vd (membranous nephropathy with focal or diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis) [2,3]. These patients had been treated with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide or azathioprine. In the revised WHO classification patients with WHO class Vc and Vd (membranous nephropathy with focal or diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, respectively) were reclassified as WHO classes III and IV [4]. Our practice is to treat patients with WHO class Va and Vb with prednisolone and to use azathioprine as a steroid sparing agent and to treat patients with WHO class Vc and Vd as for a proliferative lupus nephritis
In the 1960s the 3‐year patient survival in patients with a proliferative lupus nephritis who were treated with steroids was 50–60% [5,6] and patients with these lesions became the focus of the controlled trials of treatment comparing prednisolone alone versus prednisolone and azathioprine or cyclophosphamide. In a narrative review, Donadio and Glassock argued that the addition of immunosuppressants to steroids could not convincingly be shown to confer benefit in terms of preventing end‐stage renal failure or deaths as compared with steroids alone [7]. In a pooled analysis, Felsom and Anderson [8] came to the opposite view and reported that patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs were less likely to develop end‐stage renal failure or to die from this than patients receiving steroids alone. The meta‐analysis carried out by Bansal and Beto [9] concluded that the addition of immunosuppressants (cyclophosphamide or azathioprine) to steroids reduced the risk of dying or of developing end‐stage renal failure as compared with prednisolone alone.
New treatment
The age‐ and dose‐related toxicity of cyclophosphamide with oligospermia in men and premature ovarian failure in women [21,22] together with its oncogenicity has prompted a search for equally effective but less toxic treatment for lupus nephritis. One such drug might be mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), which inhibits the de novo pathway of purine synthesis and therefore lymphocyte proliferation [23]. MMF is an immunosuppressive drug that is of established efficacy in renal transplantation [24].
MMF and lupus nephritis
We have recently reviewed the role of MMF in the treatment of lupus nephritis [25]. There have been several case reports and case series of the use of MMF together with steroids in treating patients with lupus nephritis whose disease was relapsing or was resistant to cyclophosphamide and steroids. In addition, open pilot studies suggested that MMF might have a beneficial role in lupus nephritis. This was confirmed by preliminary analysis of the ongoing pilot study of MMF in the treatment of lupus nephritis organized by the UK Renal Association Clinical Trials Committee [DRW Jayne, personal communication].
Randomized controlled trials of MMF
Chan et al. reported a randomized controlled trial of 42 patients with WHO Class IV lupus nephritis that compared the effect of MMF (1 g twice daily for 6 months, then 0.5 g twice daily for 6 months), and prednisolone with oral cyclophosphamide (2.5 mg/kg daily for 6 months followed by azathioprine (1.5 mg/kg daily) and prednisolone [26]. Both drugs led to comparable rates of complete remission (MMF 81%: cyclophosphamide 76%), partial remission (MMF 14%: cyclophosphamide 14%), deaths (MMF 0%: cyclophosphamide (10%) and relapse (MMF 15%: cyclophosphamide 11%). Infections were more common in the patients treated with cyclophosphamide (33 vs 19%) and amenorrhoea (23%), hair loss (19%) and leukopenia (10%) only occurred in the patients treated with cyclophosphamide. The numbers of patients studied was small and the patients had mild renal impairment. There is, therefore, a requirement for a larger appropriately powered study in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis to study the efficacy and toxicity of prednisolone with MMF as compared with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide.
"MMF appears to be a safe and successful treatment to maintain remission in patients with lupus nephritis and to control overall disease activity," writes Pisoni.
In an editorial commenting on this paper [ 2 ], Drs W Joseph McClune and Mona M Riskalla (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor) conclude that this study "adds support to the use of MMF in patients with both renal and nonrenal SLE." The editorial also reviews several recent trials of MMF in lupus nephritis and, on the basis of all available data, raises a number of points concerning the use of MMF in the treatment of lupus.
Retrospective study of MMF-treated patients
The Pisoni paper is a retrospective study of 93 patients with SLE treated with MMF because of renal involvement (68.6%), uncontrolled disease activity (16.3%), or other SLE-related manifestations. Two patients were excluded because they did not fulfill American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for SLE, and five patients were excluded because of missing data. All patients had taken MMF for at least three months. The average duration of SLE was more than 10 years. Fifty percent of patients had previously received CYC, 87.2% azathioprine, and 11.6% methotrexate treatment.
Over the course of MMF treatment, steroid dose, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), anti-dsDNA, and European Consensus Lupus Activity Measure (ECLAM) significantly decreased, and complement C3 significantly increased.
Effects of MMF treatment in patients with SLE
Patients with mesangial proliferation (WHO class II) typically present with proteinuria and haematuria. Such patients are usually treated with steroids in the hope of preventing progression to more severe disease although there have been no controlled trials of treatment. Similarly, there have been no controlled trials of treatment of lupus membranous nephropathy, which is found in between 12 and 26% of patients with lupus nephritis. Using the old WHO classification the 10‐year survival free of end‐stage renal failure or death was 72–90% for class Va and Vb (membranous nephropathy with mild mesangial hypercellularity and scattered deposits) [2,3] and 48–81% for WHO class Vc and Vd (membranous nephropathy with focal or diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis) [2,3]. These patients had been treated with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide or azathioprine. In the revised WHO classification patients with WHO class Vc and Vd (membranous nephropathy with focal or diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, respectively) were reclassified as WHO classes III and IV [4]. Our practice is to treat patients with WHO class Va and Vb with prednisolone and to use azathioprine as a steroid sparing agent and to treat patients with WHO class Vc and Vd as for a proliferative lupus nephritis
In the 1960s the 3‐year patient survival in patients with a proliferative lupus nephritis who were treated with steroids was 50–60% [5,6] and patients with these lesions became the focus of the controlled trials of treatment comparing prednisolone alone versus prednisolone and azathioprine or cyclophosphamide. In a narrative review, Donadio and Glassock argued that the addition of immunosuppressants to steroids could not convincingly be shown to confer benefit in terms of preventing end‐stage renal failure or deaths as compared with steroids alone [7]. In a pooled analysis, Felsom and Anderson [8] came to the opposite view and reported that patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs were less likely to develop end‐stage renal failure or to die from this than patients receiving steroids alone. The meta‐analysis carried out by Bansal and Beto [9] concluded that the addition of immunosuppressants (cyclophosphamide or azathioprine) to steroids reduced the risk of dying or of developing end‐stage renal failure as compared with prednisolone alone.
New treatment
The age‐ and dose‐related toxicity of cyclophosphamide with oligospermia in men and premature ovarian failure in women [21,22] together with its oncogenicity has prompted a search for equally effective but less toxic treatment for lupus nephritis. One such drug might be mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), which inhibits the de novo pathway of purine synthesis and therefore lymphocyte proliferation [23]. MMF is an immunosuppressive drug that is of established efficacy in renal transplantation [24].
MMF and lupus nephritis
We have recently reviewed the role of MMF in the treatment of lupus nephritis [25]. There have been several case reports and case series of the use of MMF together with steroids in treating patients with lupus nephritis whose disease was relapsing or was resistant to cyclophosphamide and steroids. In addition, open pilot studies suggested that MMF might have a beneficial role in lupus nephritis. This was confirmed by preliminary analysis of the ongoing pilot study of MMF in the treatment of lupus nephritis organized by the UK Renal Association Clinical Trials Committee [DRW Jayne, personal communication].
Randomized controlled trials of MMF
Chan et al. reported a randomized controlled trial of 42 patients with WHO Class IV lupus nephritis that compared the effect of MMF (1 g twice daily for 6 months, then 0.5 g twice daily for 6 months), and prednisolone with oral cyclophosphamide (2.5 mg/kg daily for 6 months followed by azathioprine (1.5 mg/kg daily) and prednisolone [26]. Both drugs led to comparable rates of complete remission (MMF 81%: cyclophosphamide 76%), partial remission (MMF 14%: cyclophosphamide 14%), deaths (MMF 0%: cyclophosphamide (10%) and relapse (MMF 15%: cyclophosphamide 11%). Infections were more common in the patients treated with cyclophosphamide (33 vs 19%) and amenorrhoea (23%), hair loss (19%) and leukopenia (10%) only occurred in the patients treated with cyclophosphamide. The numbers of patients studied was small and the patients had mild renal impairment. There is, therefore, a requirement for a larger appropriately powered study in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis to study the efficacy and toxicity of prednisolone with MMF as compared with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide.
My 8 Year Old Child Was Diagnosed with SLE
Mrs Smith gets confused because her child Lily who is only 8 years old now, is diagnosed with SLE, which is short for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In this passage, we will mainly introduce the pathogenesis, the treatment of SLE, so as to diminish the anxiety of people such as Mrs Smith.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a category for a collection of diseases with similar underlying problems with immunity (autoimmune disease). Symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs. Four main types of lupus exist — systemic lupus Erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, drug-induced Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and neonatal lupus erythematosus.
In abroad, there are 50 cases among 100, 000 people, and in China, there are 70 cases among 100,000 people. Among those who are diagnosed with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, young women take up a larger proportion.
However, even if patients are diagnosed with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, they do not need to be anxious and loose confidence. With the development of modern technology in medical field, there takes place breakthroughs in the treatment of immune disease, including SLE.
One the basis of both western medicine and Chinese traditional medicine, immunotherapy is created in our Hospital, which can be divided into 6 steps, immune diagnosis, immune clearance, immune inhibition, immune tolerance, immune adjustment, and immune protection.
After a systematic diagnosis, we can figure out where the immune complex deposits exactly, the amount of immune complex and the exact type of immune response so that doctors can get more scientific diagnosis and arrange better treatment. Without it, we can not know the dosage of medicine. Less dosage can not achieve the treatment effect while too much can also cause damage to the kidney.
In immune clearance step, patients with SLE should clear away the immune complex in the blood, which can supply a cleaner inner environment for the treatment of kidney disease. For patients with SLE, the most proper blood purification method is the plasma exchange. Pay attention that the immune complex we clean is the one in the blood not the one on the kidney.
The third one is immune inhibition. There is immune complex which deposit onto kidney, which leads to immune response. Medicine is used, which can stop the excessive immune response, thus stopping the inflammation response at a rapid speed.
The fourth one is immune tolerance. After immune inhibition, the immune response can be stopped. And the damage to the kidney can be blocked. However, the immune complex still deposit onto the kidney, which leads to a new series of immune response.
The fifth one is immune adjustment. In this step, Chinese medicines are applied, which can improve the blood circulation, including micro-blood circulation and dissolve the blood stasis. In this case, the immune complex can be discharged out, and the immune system can be repaired. Note that in this step, the immune complex we clean is the one on the kidney not the one in the blood. Blood purification such as dialysis and plasma exchange can not achieve this.
Last but not least, immune protection is applied, in which stage, we use medicine which can nourish qi and blood to rebuild the intrinsic immune system. In addition, biochemical cell therapy is also used in clinic such as the transplant of stem cell, which can also help achieve this effect.
We believe that with this method, patients with SLE can control the condition and remit gradually.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a category for a collection of diseases with similar underlying problems with immunity (autoimmune disease). Symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs. Four main types of lupus exist — systemic lupus Erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, drug-induced Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and neonatal lupus erythematosus.
In abroad, there are 50 cases among 100, 000 people, and in China, there are 70 cases among 100,000 people. Among those who are diagnosed with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, young women take up a larger proportion.
However, even if patients are diagnosed with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, they do not need to be anxious and loose confidence. With the development of modern technology in medical field, there takes place breakthroughs in the treatment of immune disease, including SLE.
One the basis of both western medicine and Chinese traditional medicine, immunotherapy is created in our Hospital, which can be divided into 6 steps, immune diagnosis, immune clearance, immune inhibition, immune tolerance, immune adjustment, and immune protection.
After a systematic diagnosis, we can figure out where the immune complex deposits exactly, the amount of immune complex and the exact type of immune response so that doctors can get more scientific diagnosis and arrange better treatment. Without it, we can not know the dosage of medicine. Less dosage can not achieve the treatment effect while too much can also cause damage to the kidney.
In immune clearance step, patients with SLE should clear away the immune complex in the blood, which can supply a cleaner inner environment for the treatment of kidney disease. For patients with SLE, the most proper blood purification method is the plasma exchange. Pay attention that the immune complex we clean is the one in the blood not the one on the kidney.
The third one is immune inhibition. There is immune complex which deposit onto kidney, which leads to immune response. Medicine is used, which can stop the excessive immune response, thus stopping the inflammation response at a rapid speed.
The fourth one is immune tolerance. After immune inhibition, the immune response can be stopped. And the damage to the kidney can be blocked. However, the immune complex still deposit onto the kidney, which leads to a new series of immune response.
The fifth one is immune adjustment. In this step, Chinese medicines are applied, which can improve the blood circulation, including micro-blood circulation and dissolve the blood stasis. In this case, the immune complex can be discharged out, and the immune system can be repaired. Note that in this step, the immune complex we clean is the one on the kidney not the one in the blood. Blood purification such as dialysis and plasma exchange can not achieve this.
Last but not least, immune protection is applied, in which stage, we use medicine which can nourish qi and blood to rebuild the intrinsic immune system. In addition, biochemical cell therapy is also used in clinic such as the transplant of stem cell, which can also help achieve this effect.
We believe that with this method, patients with SLE can control the condition and remit gradually.
Friday, May 17, 2013
Renal Insufficiency
Renal Insufficiency is caused by many reasons. The renal glomeruli are damaged seriously, which leads to the disorder of electrolyte, acid-base balance. Renal insufficiency can be divided into acute renal insufficiency and chronic renal insufficiency. The prognosis is not good and threatens people’ s life.
The pathogenesis of renal insufficiency
Firstly, renal insufficiency can be caused by kidney disease such as acute kidney failure, chronic kidney failure, pyelonephritis, nephrotuberculosis, renal tubules degeneration caused by chemical toxicant and biological poisons, etc.
Secondly, renal insufficiency can also be caused by barrier in the whole blood circulation such as shock, heart failure, high blood pressure, etc.
Renal insufficiency can be divided into 4 stages.
The third stage is called compensation stage. Because kidney has a strong ability of compensation,symptoms will not occur. Even though some renal glomeruli are damaged, other remained renal glomeruli can still work and do more work to take place those which are damaged. The ability of secretion and electrolyte balance can also meet the need. So in clinic, there is no symptom. In renal function test, we can find out that some index can be in normal range and can be a little high.
In the second stage, we call it renal insufficiency stage. Many glomeruli are damaged in this stage, which account for 60% to 75%. Kidney has difficulties in discharging metabolism. Serum creatinine and BUN (blood urea nitrogen) will become slightly high. Patients can suffer from anemia, fatigue, decreased body weight, and can not concentrate well. All of them can be ignored easily. However, if patients loose water in the body, or suffer from infection, bleeding, etc, their symptoms will appear obviously.
In the third stage, it is called renal failure stage. The damage in the kidney has become rather serious, accounting for 75% to 95%. The inner environment can not maintain stable. In addition, patients will get tired easily and will feel fatigue, and can not concentrate, etc. Anemia is not serious as well. Urine at night becomes more. What’s more, serum creatinine increases. BUN increases as well. Patients can also be accompanied by acidosis. So this stage can also be called azotemia.
In the fourth stage, patients with renal insufficiency develop into advanced stage kidney disease or uremia stage. In this stage, damage of renal glomeruli spreads to 95%. Patients have serious clinical symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, little urine, edema, high blood pressure, serious edema and anemia, itch in skin, and so on.
The pathogenesis of renal insufficiency
Firstly, renal insufficiency can be caused by kidney disease such as acute kidney failure, chronic kidney failure, pyelonephritis, nephrotuberculosis, renal tubules degeneration caused by chemical toxicant and biological poisons, etc.
Secondly, renal insufficiency can also be caused by barrier in the whole blood circulation such as shock, heart failure, high blood pressure, etc.
Renal insufficiency can be divided into 4 stages.
The third stage is called compensation stage. Because kidney has a strong ability of compensation,symptoms will not occur. Even though some renal glomeruli are damaged, other remained renal glomeruli can still work and do more work to take place those which are damaged. The ability of secretion and electrolyte balance can also meet the need. So in clinic, there is no symptom. In renal function test, we can find out that some index can be in normal range and can be a little high.
In the second stage, we call it renal insufficiency stage. Many glomeruli are damaged in this stage, which account for 60% to 75%. Kidney has difficulties in discharging metabolism. Serum creatinine and BUN (blood urea nitrogen) will become slightly high. Patients can suffer from anemia, fatigue, decreased body weight, and can not concentrate well. All of them can be ignored easily. However, if patients loose water in the body, or suffer from infection, bleeding, etc, their symptoms will appear obviously.
In the third stage, it is called renal failure stage. The damage in the kidney has become rather serious, accounting for 75% to 95%. The inner environment can not maintain stable. In addition, patients will get tired easily and will feel fatigue, and can not concentrate, etc. Anemia is not serious as well. Urine at night becomes more. What’s more, serum creatinine increases. BUN increases as well. Patients can also be accompanied by acidosis. So this stage can also be called azotemia.
In the fourth stage, patients with renal insufficiency develop into advanced stage kidney disease or uremia stage. In this stage, damage of renal glomeruli spreads to 95%. Patients have serious clinical symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, little urine, edema, high blood pressure, serious edema and anemia, itch in skin, and so on.
Why Kidney Failure Patients Have Anemia
Why do patients with renal failure patients have anemia? The reasons are as follows:
1. When kidney disorder develops into kidney failure stage, the secretion of EPO will decrease, and the hematopoietic function of marrow will also decline. In normal condition, EPO comes into being in kidney and reach marrow through blood circulation and adjust the production of red blood cells. However, in kidney failure stage, kidney can not produce enough EPO, which lead to the decline of red blood cells in the body, thus leading to anemia.
2. In kidney failure stage, there have been many toxins which accumulate in the blood, which inhibit the hematopoietic function of marrow. We can also say, vicious circle will take place easily if the effective measures are not taken in time.
3. Toxins in the blood will also damage the red blood cell, which leads to hemolysis.
4. In renal failure stage, patients will feel vomiting and nausea, so they will take in less protein, iron and folic acid, which leads to the insufficient supply of materials which is used to produce blood.
5. In renal failure stage, the blood coagulation is blocked, which leads to bleeding, thus worsening anemia.
So patients with kidney failure are suggested to receive treatment as soon as possible so as to prevent other complicaitions. In our Hospital, Chinese Medicine is applied, which is mainly aimed at the relieving of anemia.
Chinese Medicine is abstracted from herbs, which contains active substances and active materials, so it can improve the blood flow in the kidney, including improving the micro-blood circulation.
It can also promote the secretion of EPO, activate the hematopoietic function of marrow, thus relieving anemia. What’s more, Chinese Medicine can also extend the blood vessels in the body, decrease the secretion of renin, which can lower high blood pressure as well.
After the application of Chinese Medicine, anemia and other symptoms such as poor appetite, vomiting can also relieve. For more information, please consult us on line or leave a message and all your information will be kept confidential.
1. When kidney disorder develops into kidney failure stage, the secretion of EPO will decrease, and the hematopoietic function of marrow will also decline. In normal condition, EPO comes into being in kidney and reach marrow through blood circulation and adjust the production of red blood cells. However, in kidney failure stage, kidney can not produce enough EPO, which lead to the decline of red blood cells in the body, thus leading to anemia.
2. In kidney failure stage, there have been many toxins which accumulate in the blood, which inhibit the hematopoietic function of marrow. We can also say, vicious circle will take place easily if the effective measures are not taken in time.
3. Toxins in the blood will also damage the red blood cell, which leads to hemolysis.
4. In renal failure stage, patients will feel vomiting and nausea, so they will take in less protein, iron and folic acid, which leads to the insufficient supply of materials which is used to produce blood.
5. In renal failure stage, the blood coagulation is blocked, which leads to bleeding, thus worsening anemia.
So patients with kidney failure are suggested to receive treatment as soon as possible so as to prevent other complicaitions. In our Hospital, Chinese Medicine is applied, which is mainly aimed at the relieving of anemia.
Chinese Medicine is abstracted from herbs, which contains active substances and active materials, so it can improve the blood flow in the kidney, including improving the micro-blood circulation.
It can also promote the secretion of EPO, activate the hematopoietic function of marrow, thus relieving anemia. What’s more, Chinese Medicine can also extend the blood vessels in the body, decrease the secretion of renin, which can lower high blood pressure as well.
After the application of Chinese Medicine, anemia and other symptoms such as poor appetite, vomiting can also relieve. For more information, please consult us on line or leave a message and all your information will be kept confidential.
Four Stages of Renal Insufficiency in China
In China, we definite the stages of renal insufficiency mainly according to the level of serum creatine. The four stages are mainly as follows: compensation stage, discompensation stage, early stage of renal failure, end stage of renal failure.
In the first stage: compensation stage, there is nearly no symptom in clinic for the kidney has a strong ability of compensation. When some of the renal intrinsic cells are damaged, others will do more work such as filtrating blood, which make serum creatinine is133～177umol/L. In this stage, kidney can still function and work well, so we call it compensation stage. We should pay attention however that there has been damage in the kidney and the GFR has decreased. Kidney can still discharge metabolism product, balance of electrolyte, and so on.
The second stage is discompensation stage. In this stage, serum creatinine is 177～443umol/L. The damaged renal glomerulus increases, which accounts for about 60% to 75%. The secretion function has been damaged, blood urea acid increases as well. Kidney disease patients begin to have anemia, fatigue, weakness, lost body weight, and so on. If they suffer from water lost, infection or bleeding, the condition will develop faster.
The third stage is early stage of renal failure stage. In this stage, the serum creatinine is 443-707umol/L. There are more necrotic renal glomerulus. Renal fibrosis appears in renal tubules-renal parenchyma, renal blood vessels, which leads to serious damage in the kidney. As for the symptoms, kidney disease patients will have more obvious anemia, increased urine at night, and so on.
In the end stage of renal failure, serum creatinine is more than 707umoll/L. In China, patients begin to take dialysis. The damaged renal glomerulus are more than 95%. Patients with kidney disease will also have serious vomiting, little urine, edema, high blood pressure and so on.
In the first stage: compensation stage, there is nearly no symptom in clinic for the kidney has a strong ability of compensation. When some of the renal intrinsic cells are damaged, others will do more work such as filtrating blood, which make serum creatinine is133～177umol/L. In this stage, kidney can still function and work well, so we call it compensation stage. We should pay attention however that there has been damage in the kidney and the GFR has decreased. Kidney can still discharge metabolism product, balance of electrolyte, and so on.
The second stage is discompensation stage. In this stage, serum creatinine is 177～443umol/L. The damaged renal glomerulus increases, which accounts for about 60% to 75%. The secretion function has been damaged, blood urea acid increases as well. Kidney disease patients begin to have anemia, fatigue, weakness, lost body weight, and so on. If they suffer from water lost, infection or bleeding, the condition will develop faster.
The third stage is early stage of renal failure stage. In this stage, the serum creatinine is 443-707umol/L. There are more necrotic renal glomerulus. Renal fibrosis appears in renal tubules-renal parenchyma, renal blood vessels, which leads to serious damage in the kidney. As for the symptoms, kidney disease patients will have more obvious anemia, increased urine at night, and so on.
In the end stage of renal failure, serum creatinine is more than 707umoll/L. In China, patients begin to take dialysis. The damaged renal glomerulus are more than 95%. Patients with kidney disease will also have serious vomiting, little urine, edema, high blood pressure and so on.
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